The list below is the biography from Dr. Jepson's book, Changing the Course of Autism; A Scientific Approach for Parents and Physicians. Treatment and research at Thoughtful House are guided largely by the information presented in these studies:

Genetics and autism 

Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, Yuzda E, Rutter M. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 1995 Jan;25(1):63-77.

Bailey A, Palferman S, Heavey L, Le Couteur A. Autism: the phenotype in relatives. J Autism Dev Disord. 1998 Oct;28(5):369-92.

Bartak L, Rutter M, Cox A. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific development receptive language disorder. I. The children. Br J Psychiatry. 1975 Feb;126:127-45.

Campbell DB, Sutcliffe JS, Ebert PJ, Militerni R, Bravaccio C, Trillo S, Elia M, Schneider C, Melmed R, Sacco R, Persico AM, Levitt P. A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 19.

Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol. 1999 Jun;14(6):388-94.

Cook EH. Genetics of autism. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 1998 4:113-120.

Cook EH Jr. Genetics of autism. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;10(2):333-50.

Croen LA, Grether JK, Yoshida CK, Odouli R, Van de Water J. Maternal autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies, and childhood autism spectrum disorders: a case-control study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Feb;159(2):151-7.

Folstein S, Rutter M. Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature 265, 726-728(24 Feb 1977.

Jorde LB, Hasstedt SJ, Ritvo ER, Mason-Brothers A, Freeman BJ, Pingree C, McMahon WM, Petersen B, Jenson WR, Mo A. Complex segregation analysis of autism. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;49(5):932-8.

Konstantareas MM, Homatidis S., Chromosomal abnormalities in a series of children with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999 Aug;29(4):275-85.

Korvatska E, Van de Water J, Anders TF, Gershwin ME. Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism. Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Mar;9(2):107-25.

Le Couteur A, Bailey A, Goode S, Pickles A, Robertson S, Gottesman I, Rutter M. A broader phenotype of autism: the clinical spectrum in twins. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;37(7):785-801.

Lotter V.; Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. I. Prevalence. Soc. Psychiatry 1966, 1; 124-137.

Micali N, Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E., The broad autism phenotype: findings from an epidemiological survey. Autism. 2004 Mar;8(1):21-37.

Molloy CA, Morrow AL, Meinzen-Derr J, Dawson G, Bernier R, Dunn M, Hyman SL, McMahon WM, Goudie-Nice J, Hepburn S, Minshew N, Rogers S, Sigman M, Spence MA, Tager-Flusberg H, Volkmar FR, Lord C. Familial autoimmune thyroid disease as a risk factor for regression in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a CPEA Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006 Apr;36(3):317-24.

Nelson KB, Grether JK, Croen LA, Dambrosia JM, Dickens BF, Jelliffe LL, Hansen RL, Phillips TM. Neuropeptides and neurotrophins in neonatal blood of children with autism or mental retardation. Ann Neurol. 2001 May;49(5):597-606.

Risch N, Spiker D, Lotspeich L, Nouri N, Hinds D, Hallmayer J, Kalaydjieva L, McCague P, Dimiceli S, Pitts T, Nguyen L, Yang J, Harper C, Thorpe D, Vermeer S, Young H, Hebert J, Lin A, Ferguson J, Chiotti C, Wiese-Slater S, Rogers T, Salmon B, Nicholas P, Petersen PB, Pingree C, McMahon W, Wong DL, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kraemer HC, Myers RM. A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Aug;65(2):493-507.

Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Mason-Brothers A, Mo A, Ritvo AM. Concordance for the syndrome of autism in 40 pairs of afflicted twins. Am J Psychiatry.1985 Jan;142(1):74-7.

Smalley SL. Genetic influences in childhood-onset psychiatric disorders: autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jun;60(6):1276-82.

Spiker D, Lotspeich L, Kraemer HC, Hallmayer J, McMahon W, Petersen PB, Nicholas P, Pingree C, Wiese-Slater S, Chiotti C, et al. Genetics of autism: characteristics of affected and unaffected children from 37 multiplex families. Am J Med Genet. 1994 Mar 15;54(1):27-35.

Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Hellgren L, Andersson L, Gillberg IC, Jakobsson G. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1989 May;30(3):405-16.

Sweeten TL, Bowyer SL, Posey DJ, Halberstadt GM, McDougle CJ. Increased prevalence of familial autoimmunity in probands with pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):e420.

Szatmari P. Heterogeneity and the genetics of autism. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1999 Mar;24(2):159-65.

Trottier G, Srivastava, Walker CD. Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances and neurobiological research. J Psychiatry neurosci. 1999Mar;24(2):103-115. 

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The Autism Epidemic

Arvidsson T, Danielsson B, Forsberg P, et al. Autism in 3-6-year-old children in a suburb of Goteborg, Sweden. Autism 1997;1:163–73.

Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006 Jul 15;368(9531):210-5.

Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ. The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jan;159(1):37-44.

Baron-Cohen S. The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2002 Jun 1;6(6):248-254.

Baron-Cohen S. The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;30(5):865-72.

Bertrand J, Mars A, Boyle C, Bove F, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Decoufle P. Prevalence of Autism in a United States Population: The Brick Township, New Jersey, Investigation. Pediatrics. 2001;108;1155-1161.

Blaxill MF. Any changes in prevalence of autism must be determined. BMJ. 2002 Feb 2;324(7332):296.

Blaxill MF, Baskin DS, Spitzer WO. Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. (2002), the changing prevalence of autism in California. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Apr;33(2):223-6; discussion 227-9.

Bryson SE, Clark BS, Smith IM. First report of a Canadian epidemiological study of autistic syndromes. J Child Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;29(4)433-45.

Burd L, Fisher W, Kerbeshian J. A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987 Sep;26(5):700-3.

Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Klug MG, McCulloch K. A prevalence methodology for mental illness and developmental disorders in rural and frontier settings. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 Jan;59(1):74-86.

Byrd, Robert. MIND Institute. Report to the Legislature on the Principle Findings from The Epidemiology of Autism in California: A Comprehensive Pilot Study. UC Davis 17 Oct 2002. www.dds.ca.gov/autism/pdf/study_final.pdf

California Department of Developmental Services “Changes in the Population of Persons with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders in California’s Developmental Services System: 1987 through 1998.” Report to the Legislature March 1, 1999:1-19.

Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;162(6):1133-41.

Chang HL, Juang YY, Wang WT, Huang CI, Chen CY, Hwang YS. Screening for autism spectrum disorder in adult psychiatric outpatients in a clinic in Taiwan. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2003 Jul-Aug;25(4):284-8.

Charman T. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Recent evidence and future challenges. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;11(6):249-56.

Croen LA, Grether JK, Hoogstrate J, Selvin S. The changing prevalence of autism in California. J Autism Dev Disord. 2002 Jun;32(3):207-15.

Croen LA, Grether JK. A Response to Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. (2002), “The Changing Prevalence of Autism in California.” J Autism Dev Disord, vol 33 April 2003, pp227-229(3).

Ganz, Michael. “The Costs of Autism.” Understanding Autism: From Basic Neuroscience to Treatment. Eds. Steven O. Moldin, John L R Rubenstein, CRC Press, 2006.

Gillberg C, Cederlund M, Lamberg K, Zeijlon L. Brief Report: “The Autism Epidemic”. The registered prevalence of autism in a Swedish urban area. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006 Mar 28.

Gillberg C, Steffenburg S, Schaumann H. Is autism more common now than ten years ago? Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Mar;158:403-9.

Gillberg C, Wing L. Autism: not an extremely rare disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999 Jun;99(6):399-406.

Harrington JW, Rosen L, Garnecho A, Patrick PA. Parental perceptions and use of complementary and alternative medicine practices for children with autistic spectrum disorders in private practice. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006 Apr;27(2 Suppl):S156-61.

Honda H, Shimizu Y, Imai M, Nitto Y. Cumulative incidence of childhood autism: a total population study of better accuracy and precision. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Jan;47(1):10-8.

Hoshino Y, Kumashiro H, Yashima Y, Tachibana R, Watanabe M. The epidemiological study of autism in Fukushima-ken. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1982;36(2):115-24.

Hviid A, Stellfeld M, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism. JAMA. 2003 Oct;290(13):1763-6.

Icasiano F, Hewson P, Machet P, Cooper C, Marshall A. Childhood autism spectrum disorder in the Barwon region: a community based study. J Pediatr Child Health. 2004 Dec;40(12):696-701.

Jick H, Kaye JA. Epidemiology and possible causes of autism. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Dec;23(12):1524-30.

Kadesjo B, Gillberg C, Hagberg B. Brief report: autism and Asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: a total population study. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999 Aug;29(4):327-31.

Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1968;35(4): 100-36.

Kielinen M, Linna SL, Moilanen I. Autism in Northern Finland. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;9(3):162-7.

Kirby RS, Brewster MA, Canino CU, Pavin M. Early childhood surveillance of developmental disorders by a birth defects surveillance system: methods, prevalence comparisons, and mortality patterns. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995 Oct;16(5):318-26.

Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. The incidence and prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders: a Danish population-based study. Psychol Med. 2004 Oct;34(7):1339-46.

Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfart J, Thorsen P, Olsen J, Melbye M. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 7;347(19):1477-82.

Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, Andersen PH, Mortensen PB. Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Pediatrics. 2003 Sep;112(3 Pt 1):604-6.

Magnusson P, Saemundsen E. Prevalence of autism in Iceland. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001 Apr;31(2):153-63.

Nylander L, Gillberg C. Screening for autism spectrum disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients: a preliminary report. Acta Pxychiatr Scand. 2001 Jun;103(6):428-34.

Powell JE, Edwards A, Edwards M, Pandit BS, Sungum-Paliwal SR, Whitehouse W. Changes in the incidence of childhood autism and other autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children from two areas of the West Midlands, UK. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Sep;42(9):624-8.

Rimland, Bernard. Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior. Prentice Hall: 1964.

Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Pingree C, Mason-Brothers A, Jorde L, Jenson WR, McMahon WM, Petersen PB, Mo A, Ritvo A. The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence. Am J Psychiatry. 1989 Feb;146(2)194-9.

Schattner A, Fletcher RH. Pearls and pitfalls in patient care: need to revive traditional clinical values. Am J Med Sci. 2004 Feb;327(2):79-85.

Scott FJ, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Brayne C. Brief report: prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5-11 years in Cambridgeshire, UK. Autism. 2002 Sep;6(3)231-7.

Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne PE, Heavey L, Rodrigues LC, Smith PG, Hall AJ. Rate of first recorded diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in a United Kingdom general practice 1988 to 2001. BMC Med. 2004 Nov 9;2:39.

Steffenberg S, Gillberg C. Autism and autistic-like conditions in Swedish rural and urban areas: a population study. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Jul;149:81-7.

Sumi S, Taniai H, Miyachi T, Tanemura M. Sibling risk of pervasive developmental disorder estimated by means of an epidemiologic survey in Nagoya, Japan. J Hum Genet. 2006 Mar 25.

Szatmari P. Thinking about Autism, Asperger Syndrome and PDDNOS. PRISME, 34:24-34, 2001.Wing L, Potter D. The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: Is the prevalence rising? Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(3):151-61.

Volkmar F, Bregman J, Cohen D, Cicchetti D. DSM-III and DSM-III-R Diagnoses of Autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Nov 145:11;1404-1408.

Yazbak FE. Autism in the United States: a perspective. JPANDS. 2003 8:4:103-107.

Yeargin-Allsopp M, Rice C, Karapurker T, Doernberg N, Boyle C, Murphy C. Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. JAMA. 2003 Jan 1;289(1)49-55. 
 

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Immune Dysregulation in Autism

Ahlsen G, Rosengren L, Belfrage M, Palm A, Haglid K, Hamberger A, Gillberg C. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 May 15;33(10):734-43.

Ashwood P, Anthony A, Pellicer AA, Torrente F, Walker-Smith JA, Wakefield AJ. Intestinal lymphocyte populations in children with regressive autism: evidence for extensive mucosal immunopathology. J Clin Immunol. 2003 Nov;23(6):504-17.

Ashwood P, Anthony A, Torrente F, Wakefield AJ. Spontaneous mucosal lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: mucosal immune activation and reduced counter regulatory interleukin-10. J Clin Immunol. 2004 Nov;24(6):664-73.

Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev. 2004 Nov;3(7-8):557-62.

Ashwood P, Willis S, Van de Water J. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leuk Biol. 2006 Jul:80;1-15.

Bach JF. Infections and autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2005;25 Suppl:74-80.

Campbell DB, Sutcliffe JS, Ebert PJ, Militerni R, Bravaccio C, Trillo S, Elia M, Schneider C, Melmed R, Sacco R, Persico AM, Levitt P. A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 19.

Chess S, Fernandez P, Korn S. Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella. J Pediatr. 1978 Oct;93(4):699-703.

Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol. 1999 Jun;14(6):388-94. Nov;112(5):e420.

Connolly AM, Chez MG, Pestronk A, Arnold ST, Mehta S, Deuel RK. Serum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders. J Pediatr. 1999 May;134(5):607-13.

Croen LA, Najjar DV, Ray GT, Lotspeich L, Bernal P. A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan. Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):e1203-11.

Croonenberghs J, Wauters A, Devreese K, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Bosmans E, Egyed B, Deboutte D, Maes M. Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism. Psychol Med. 2002 Nov;32(8):1457-63.

Dalton P, Deacon R, Blamire A, Pike M, McKinlay I, Stein J, Styles P, Vincent A. Maternal neuronal antibodies associated with autism and a language disorder. Ann Neurol. 2003 Apr;53(4):533-7.

DeLong GR, Bean SC, Brown FR 3rd. Acquired reversible autistic syndrome in acute encephalopathic illness in children. Arch Neurol. 1981 Mar;38(3):191-4.

Denney DR, Frei BW, Gaffney GR. Lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-2 receptors in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1996 Feb;26(1):87-97.

Engstrom HA, Ohlson S, Stubbs EG, Maciulis A, Caldwell V, Odell JD, Torres A.R. Decreased Expression of CD95 (FAS/APO-1) on CD4+ T-lymphocytes from Participants with Autism. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2003 Jun 15;2:155-163(9).

Fallon J. Could one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin/ clavulanate "augmentin" be a risk factor for autism? Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(2):312-5.

Ferrante P, Saresella M, Guerini FR, Marzorati M, Musetti MC, Cazzullo AG. Significant association of HLA A2-DR11 with CD4 naive decrease in autistic children. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 Oct;57(8):372-4.

Fiumara A, Sciotto A, Barone R, D'Asero G, Munda S, Parano E, Pavone L. Peripheral lymphocyte subsets and other immune aspects in Rett syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1999 Sep;21(3):619-21.

Furlano RI, Anthony A, Day R, Brown A, McGavery L, Thomson MA, Davies SE, Berelowitz M, Forbes van Gent T, Heijnen CJ, Treffers PD. Autism and the immune system. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;38(3):337-49.

Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Rashanravan B, Lee T. Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 May 1;85(1):106-9.

Gurney JG, McPheeters ML, Davis MM. Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism: National Survey of Children's Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Aug;160(8):825-30.

James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7.

Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Ruby A, Reddy C, Zimmerman-Bier B. Evaluation of an association between gastrointestinal symptoms and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):605-10.

Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Nov 1;120(1-2):170-9.

Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Itokazu N. Innate immunity associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 2002;46(2):76-84.

Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Ruby A, Zimmerman-Bier B. Dysregulated innate immune responses in young children with autism spectrum disorders: their relationship to gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary intervention. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):77-85.

Konstantareas MM, Homatidis S. Ear infections in autistic and normal children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1987 Dec;17(4):585-94.

Korvatska E, Van de Water J, Anders TF, Gershwin ME. Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism. Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Mar;9(2):107-25.

Krause I, He XS, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y. Brief report: immune factors in autism: a critical review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2002 Aug;32(4):337-45.

Libbey JE, Sweeten TL, McMahon WM, Fujinami RS. Autistic disorder and viral infections. J Neurovirol. 2005 Feb;11(1):1-10.

Lopez-Pison J, Rubio-Rubio R, Urena-Hornos T, Omenaca-Teres M, Sans A, Cabrerizo de Diago R, Pena-Segura JL. Retrospective diagnosis of congenital infection by cytomegalovirus in the case of one infant. Rev Neurol. 2005 Jun 16-30;40(12):733-6.

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Measles and autism

Altmann D. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Lancet 2000;355:409.

Bradstreet J, El Dahr J, Anthony A, Kartzinel J, Wakefield, A. Detection of Measles Virus Genomic RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Regressive Autism: a Report of Three Cases. J Am Phys Surg, Vol 9 No 2, 2004.

Chen W, Landau S, Sham P, Fombonne E. No evidence for links between autism, MMR and measles virus. Psychol Med. 2004 Apr;34(3):543-53.

Connolly J, Allen I, Hurwitz L, Millar JHD. Measles antibody and antigen in SSPE. Lancet 1967;i:542

Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in autism and MMR immunization coverage in California. JAMA. 2001;285:1183-1185.

DeWilde S, Carey IM, Richards N, Hilton SR, Cook DG. Do children who become autistic consult more often after MMR vaccination? Br J Gen Pract. 2001 Mar;51(464):226-7.

Edwardes M, Baltzan M. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. Argument is too simplistic. BMJ. 2001 Jul 21;323(7305):163; author reply 164.

Edwardes M, Baltzan M. MMR Immunization and Autism. JAMA 2001;285:2852-3.

Farrington CP, Miller E, Taylor B. MMR and autism: further evidence against a causal association. Vaccine. 2001 Jun 14;19(27):3632-5.

Freeman JM, Magoffin RL, Lennette EH, Herndon RM. Additional evidence of relation between subacute inclusion body encephalitis and measles virus. Lancet 1967;ii:129-131.

Garenne M, Leroy O, Bean J-P, Sene I, Child mortality after high titre measles vaccines: prospective study in Senegal. Lancet 1991;2:903-907.

Geier M, Geier D. Pediatric MMR Vaccination Safety. Int Pediatr. 2003:18/(2); 203-208.

Gillberg C, Heijbel H. MMR and autism. Autism. 1998;2:423-24.

Goin-Kochel RP, Mackintosh VH, Myers BJ. How many doctors does it take to make an autism spectrum diagnosis? Autism. 2006 Sep;10(5):439-51.

Goldman GS, Yazbak FE. An investigation of the association between MMR vaccination and autism in Denmark. J Am Phys Surg. 2004;9:70-75.

Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9.

Immunization Safety Review Committee, Institute of Medicine. Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

Jirapinyo P, Thakernpol K, Chaichanwatanakul K. Cytopathic effects of measles virus on the human intestinal mucosa. J. Paed. Gastroenterol. Nutrit.1990;10:550-554.

Kawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A. Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Apr;45(4):723-9.

Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H. Mumps, Measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis. BMJ 2001;322:460-3.

Ki M, Park T, Gon Yi S, Kyoung Oh J, Youl Chi B. Risk Analysis of Aseptic Meningitis after Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Korean Children by Using a Case-Crossover Design. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:158-165.

Landrigan PJ, Witte JJ. Neurologic disorders following live measles-virus vaccination. JAMA. 1973;223:1459-1462.

Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. The incidence and prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders: a Danish population-based study. Psychol Med. 2004;34:1339-1346.

Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Olsen J, Melbye M. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 7;347(19):1477-82. 

Makela A, Nuorti JP, Peltola H. Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Pediatrics. 2002 Nov;110(5):957-63.

Miller E, Goldacre M, Pugh S, Colville A, Farrington P, Flower A, Nash J, MacFarlane L, Tettmar R. Risk of aseptic meningitis after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in UK children. Lancet. 1993 Apr 17;341(8851):979-82.

Montgomery SM, Morris DL, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ. Paramyxovirus infections in childhood and subsequent inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1999 Apr;116(4):796-803.

Patja A, Davidkin I, Kurki T, Kallio M, Valle M, Peltola H. Serious adverse events after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination during a fourteen-year prospective follow-up. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:1127-34.

Peltola H, Patja A, Leinikki P, Valle M, Davidkin I, Paunio M. No evidence for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine-associated inflammatory bowel disease or autism in a 14-year prospective study. The Lancet. 1998; 351:1327-1328.

Plesner A-M, Hansen FJ, Taadon K, Nielson LH, Larsen CB, Pedersen E. Gait disturbance interpreted as cerebellar ataxia after MMR vaccination at 15 months of age: a follow-up study. Acta Paediatrica 2000;89:58-63.

Richler J, Luyster R, Risi S, Hsu WL, Dawson G, Bernier R, Dunn M, Hepburn S, Hyman SL, McMahon WM, Goudie-Nice J, Minshew N, Rogers S, Sigman M, Spence MA, Goldberg WA, Tager-Flusberg H, Volkmar FR, Lord C. Is There a 'Regressive Phenotype' of Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated with the Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine? A CPEA Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006 Apr;36(3):299-316.

Rima BK, Duprex WP. Morbilliviruses and human disease. J Pathol. 2006 Jan;208(2):199-214.

Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang V. Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immun Immunopathol. 1998 Oct:89(1):105-108.

Singh VK, Lin SX, Newell E, Nelson C. Abnormal measles-mumps-rubella antibodies and CNS autoimmunity in children with autism. J Biomed Sci. 2002;9:359-364.

Singh VK, Jensen RL. Elevated levels of measles antibodies in children with autism. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Apr;28(4):292-4.

Smeeth L. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism: ecological studies cannot answer main question. BMJ 2001 Jul;323(7305):163.

Spitzer WO. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 6;348(10):951-4; author reply 951-4.

Stott C, Blaxill M, Wakefield A. MMR and Autism in Perspective: the Denmark story. J Am Phys Surg. 2004;9 (3): 89-91.

Takahashi H, Suzumura S, Shirakizawa F, Wada N, Tanaka-Taya K, Arai S, Okabe N, Ichikawa H, Sato T. An epidemiological study on Japanese autism concerning routine childhood immunization history. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2003 Jun;56(3):114-7.

Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, Li J, Waight P. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet. 1999;353:2026-2029.

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Autism and the gastrointestinal system

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Autism and the detoxification system

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Mercury and Autism

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Autism and the Brain

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Treatment

Correcting Nutritional Deficiencies

Adams JB, Holloway C. Pilot study of a moderate dose multivitamin/mineral supplement for children with autistic spectrum disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Dec;10(6):1033-9.

Adams JB, George F, Audhya T. Abnormally high plasma levels of vitamin B6 in children with autism not taking supplements compared to controls not taking supplements. J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):59-63.

Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH. Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Feb;33(1):93-7.

Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K (m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):616-58.

Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schafer MR, Klier C, Friedrich MH, Feucht M. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children with Autism: A Double-blind Randomized, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 22; [Epub ahead of print].

Arnold GL, Hyman SL, Mooney RA, Kirby RS. Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: potential risk of nutritional deficiencies. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Aug;33(4):449-54.

Baker SB, Worthley LI. The essentials of calcium, magnesium and phosphate metabolism: part I. Physiology. Crit Care Resusc. 2002 Dec;4(4):301-6.

Barthelemy C, Garreau B, Leddet I, Sauvage D, Domenech J, Muh JP, Lelord G. Biological and clinical effects of oral magnesium and associated magnesium-vitamin B6 administration on certain disorders observed in infantile autism. Therapie. 1980 Sep-Oct;35(5):627-32.

Bell JG, Sargent JR, Tocher DR, Dick JR. Red blood cell fatty acid compositions in a patient with autistic spectrum disorder: a characteristic abnormality in neurodevelopmental disorders? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Jul-Aug;63(1-2):21-5.

Boris M, Goldblatt A, Galanko J, James SJ. Association of MTHFR gene variants with autism. J Am Phys Surg. 2004: 9(4):106-108.

Bronner F. Extracellular and intracellular regulation of calcium homeostasis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2001 Dec 22;1:919-25.

Bu B, Ashwood P, Harvey D, King IB, Water JV, Jin LW. Fatty acid compositions of red blood cell phospholipids in children with autism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Apr;74(4):215-21.

Calingasan NY, Huang PL, Chun HS, Fabian A, Gibson GE. Vascular factors are critical in selective neuronal loss in an animal model of impaired oxidative metabolism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2000 Mar;59(3):207-17.

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Chugani DC, Sundram BS, Behen M, Lee ML, Moore GJ. Evidence of altered energy metabolism in autistic children. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May;23(4):635-41.

Coleman M, Steinberg G, Tippett J, Bhagavan HN, Coursin DB, Gross M, Lewis C, DeVeau L. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol Psychiatry. 1979 Oct;14(5):741-51.

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Dickinson VA, Block G, Russek-Cohen E. Supplement use, other dietary and demographic variables, and serum vitamin C in NHANES II. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Feb;13(1):22-32.

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Fernstrom JD. Can nutrient supplements modify brain function? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jun;71(6 Suppl):1669S-75S.

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Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Artru AA, Richards TL, Gardner J, Dawson G, Posse S, Dager SR. Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2003 Jan 14;60(1):100-7.

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Imura K, Okada A. Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients. Nutrition. 1998 Jan;14(1):143-8.

James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7.

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Johnston CS, Thompson LL. Vitamin C status of an outpatient population. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998, 17(4)366-370.

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Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res. 1997 Jun;10(2):143-8.

Kushak R, Winter W, Farber N, Buie T. Gastrointestinal symptoms and intestinal disaccharidase activities in children with autism. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Oct: 41(4):508.

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Lelord G, Callaway E, Muh JP. Clinical and biological effects of high doses of vitamin B6 and magnesium on autistic children. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1982;4(1-2):27-44.

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Li J, Lin JC, Wang H, Peterson JW, Furie BC, Furie B, Booth SL, Volpe JJ, Rosenberg PA. Novel role of vitamin K in preventing oxidative injury to developing oligodendrocytes and neurons. J Neuroscience. 2003 Jul: 23(13):5816-5826.

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Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali JP. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. II. Pervasive developmental disorder-autism. Magnes Res. 2006 Mar;19(1):53-62.

Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, Bali JP. Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):545S-548S.

Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, Hiwatashi K, Furukawa Y, Mizutani T, Komai M. Vitamin K suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Apr;70(4):926-32.

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Richardson AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;18(2):155-72.

Rimland B. Controversies in the treatment of autistic children: vitamin and drug therapy. J Child Neurol. 1988;3 Suppl:S68-72.

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Rimland B, Callaway E, Dreyfus P. The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double-blind crossover study. Am J Psychiatry. 1978 Apr;135(4):472-5.

Rosenberg IH. Folic acid and neural-tube defects—time for action? N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 24;327(26):1875-7.

Schectman G, Byrd JC, Hoffmann R. Ascorbic acid requirements for smokers: analysis of a population survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jun;53(6):1466-70.

Schoon EJ, Muller MC, Vermeer C, Schurgers LJ, Brummer RJ, Stockbrugger RW. Low serum and bone vitamin K status in patients with longstanding Crohn's disease: another pathogenetic factor of osteoporosis in Crohn's disease? Gut. 2001 Apr;48(4):473-7.

Schorah CJ, Downing C, Piripitsi A, Gallivan L, Al-Hazaa AH, Sanderson MJ, Bodenham A. Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 May;63(5):760-5.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Begom R, Rastogi SS. Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul;95(7):775-80.

Sogut S, Zoroglu SS, Ozyurt H, Yilmaz HR, Ozugurlu F, Sivasli E, Yetkin O, Yanik M, Tutkun H, Savas HA, Tarakcioglu M, Akyol O. Changes in nitric oxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities may have a role in the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in autism. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 May;331(1-2):111-7.

Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res. 1997 Jun;10(2):149-56.

Sturman JA, Chesney RW. Taurine in pediatric nutrition. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1995 Aug;42(4):879-97.

Sugiura I, Furie B, Walsh CT, Furie BC. Propeptide and glutamate-containing substrates bound to the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase convert its vitamin K epoxidase function from an inactive to an active state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 19;94(17):9069-74.

Tchantchou F, Graves M, Shea TB. Expression and activity of methionine cycle genes are altered following folate and vitamin E deficiency under oxidative challenge: modulation by apolipoprotein E-deficiency. Nutr Neurosci. 2006 Feb-Apr;9(1-2):17-24.

Ueland PM, Hustad S, Schneede J, Refsum H, Vollset SE. Biological and clinical implications of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001 Apr;22(4):195-201.

Vancassel S, Durand G, Barthelemy C, Lejeune B, Martineau J, Guilloteau D, Andres C, Chalon S. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2001 Jul;65(1):1-7.

Van Gelder NM, Sherwin AL, Sacks C, Anderman F. Biochemical observations following administration of taurine to patients with epilepsy. Brain Res. 1975 Aug 29;94(2):297-306.

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Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, Thomson MA, Harvey P, Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith JA. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998 Feb 28;351(9103):637-41.

Walsh WJ, Glab LB, Haakenson ML. Reduced violent behavior following biochemical therapy. Physiol Behav. 2004 Oct 15;82(5):835-9.

Waring RH, Klovrza LV. Sulphur metabolism in autism. J Nutr Env Med. 2000:10:25-35.

White JF. Intestinal pathophysiology in autism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 Jun;228(6):639-49.

Whiteley P, Waring R, Williams L, Klovrza L, Nolan F, Smith S, Farrow M, Dodou K, Lough WJ, Shattock P. Spot urinary creatinine excretion in pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun;48(3):292-7.

Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations for vitamin D: a critical need for functional end points to establish an estimated average requirement. J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):304-9.

Young G, Conquer J. Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005 Jan-Feb;45(1):1-28.

Zitterman A. Effects of vitamin K on calcium and bone metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001 Nov 4(6):483-487.

Zoroglu SS, Yurekli M, Meram I, Sogut S, Tutkun H, Yetkin O, Sivasli E, Savas HA, Yanik M, Herken H, Akyol O. Pathophysiological role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in autism. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003 Mar;21(1):55-60. 

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Treating the Gut

Afzal N, Murch S, Thirrupathy K, Berger L, Fagbemi A, Heuschkel R. Constipation with acquired megarectum in children with autism. Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):939-42.

Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH. Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Feb;33(1):93-7.

Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun 13;334(24):1557-60.

Biller JA, Katz AJ, Flores AF, Buie TM, Gorbach SL. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995 Aug;21(2):224-6.

Bousvaros A, Sylvester F, Kugathasan S, Szigethy E, Fiocchi C, Colletti R, Otley A, Amre D, Ferry G, Czinn SJ, Splawski JB, Oliva-Hemker M, Hyams JS, Faubion WA, Kirschner BS, Dubinsky MC; and the Members of the Challenges in Pediatric IBD Study Groups. Challenges in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Sep;12(9):885-913.

Buts JP, De Keyser N, De Raedemaeker L. Saccharomyces boulardii enhances rat intestinal enzyme expression by endoluminal release of polyamines. Pediatr Res. 1994 Oct;36(4):522-7.

Buts JP, De Keyser N. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on intestinal mucosa. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Aug;51(8):1485-92.

Buts JP, De Keyser N, Marandi S, Hermans D, Sokal EM, Chae YH, Lambotte L, Chanteux H, Tulkens PM. Saccharomyces boulardii upgrades cellular adaptation after proximal enterectomy in rats. Gut. 1999 Jul;45(1):89-96.

Gottschall, Elaine G. Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Intestinal Health Through Diet. Ontario: Kirkton Press. 1994.

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Detoxification

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Treating the Immune System

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Treating the Brain

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Sakoda M, Ueno S, Kihara K, Arikawa K, Dogomori H, Nuruki K, Takao S, Aikou T. A potential role of hyperbaric